By Murray Wennerlund published 10-1-2022 updated 11-3-2022
After a major disaster like hurricane Laura, Delta and Ida we always look to our insurance companies for a quick response and a very accurate damage assessment. The time between insurance inspection and the release of payment typically falls within 30 to 90 days of the disaster.
What you didn't expect was your mortgage handler holding the insurance funds without really telling you many details as to why.
We have two articles that cover this issue and other issues related to mortgage handlers and why they hold your insurance payout. In some cases they simply don't allow you access to the funds until they see a full reconstruction, repair or rebuilding plan with a timeline. Other times they will apply the funds to your mortgage protecting their investment. It's important that you communicate in writing with your mortgage handler and not over the phone or in person.
Tips: To get your mortgage handler on your side you should take the information provided by your insurance adjuster, FEMA inspector and State inspector. If you are going to hire a contractor to do the repairs have the contractor make an inspection as well. Combine all the information, create a materials list, labor timeline and estimated completion dates.
If the project is going to take more than a few weeks you'll want to propose a payment schedule to keep the work moving along. Your mortgage handler will work with you to release funds as progress is made with your reconstruction.
It is a known fact that your mortgage handler has total policy rights under first lien holder rule to make good use of your insurance payout even if it's not in your best interest as a homeowner. The Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae policy which most lenders use allows the lenders to protect their investment first in all cases.
When you speak with your mortgage handler and they tell you they will not release the total funds to you it is at that time you will need to communicate in writing everything. If your home is substantially damaged (50% or more of market value) your mortgage handler may opt to pay off your mortgage and give you whatever remains. You should not voluntarily offer your insurance money to pay off your mortgage. You will qualify for reimbursement under grant programs if the mortgage handler makes a clear statement that they are forcing you to pay off the mortgage to protect their interest. Most mortgage handlers will not offer this information to you but it's clearly printed in their SOP and in federal policy manuals. You will need to ask them for a letter of "Forced Mortgage Payoff" before you sign anything if that is the mortgage handlers final discission. Be careful about the wording of the letter you receive from your mortgage handler, it must clearly state you had no choice and were forced to give up your insurance money and pay off the remaining mortgage balance because the mortgage handler felt you were not or could not repair or rebuild the home to it's pre-disaster value or current market value if greater than the mortgage balance.
Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae holders of and guarantors of most first lien mortgage loans in the USA do offer some protections but it's limited in scope when a home is substantially damaged or condemned because of the natural disaster.
Government insured mortgages such as FHA, VA, provide protections but may not be documented as clearly as Freddie Mac or Fannie Mae.
Remaining Mortgage Loans in the United States are not afforded the government insured mortgages. Relief from foreclosure or mortgage pay off after a natural disaster is at the discretion of the owners and servicers of the mortgage. They will be subject to the rules of mortgage modifications put in place by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB).
What rights do homeowners have to secure their NFIP Flood Insurance or Private Insurance from being used by the owner of the mortgage or the servicers of the mortgage that wants to apply the full amount of insurance to the mortgage? Once the homeowner signs the two party check what security does the homeowner have that the mortgage owner or servicer of the mortgage isn't going to simply use the insurance money to pay off the mortgage and close the account?
Similarly, what security does the mortgage owner have that the homeowner will in fact reconstruct the home that is substantially damaged or condemned?
Will lenders work within guidelines, policy and procedures to assist the homeowner?
Will lenders make determinations based on the default status prior to the disaster?
Will lenders take this as an opportunity to close out the loan to reduce risk of ownership change from default?
Will lenders not grant the option because of market value, construction costs and homeowners available cash funds to reconstruct or substantially improve the real-estate?
How do homeowners determine when their mortgage owners and/or servicers are reviewing the homeowners account to use insurance funds to pay off the mortgage?
"...insurance proceeds will be applied to the restoration of the property as long as the restoration and repair are "economically feasible" and the lender's "security is not lessened." If the repairs do not satisfy both conditions, then the security instrument directs the lender to apply the insurance proceeds to the debt. "
In nearly all substantially damaged homes as determined by FEMA Verified Loss inspectors and with homes condemned by local municipalities the "Security" is lessened and nearly always it is not economically feasible to reconstruct the home within guidance provided by FEMA, HUD, State and local municipal codes.
Example: In 2016 a 2,865 sqft home was flooded with 5 foot of standing water for 3 days. FEMA inspectors, City inspectors, State managed HUD inspectors determined the home to need substantial improvements to be given an occupancy permit because of the flood damage.
NFIP Insurance adjusters determined the homes value to be $230,000 less depreciation and it's maximum amount of insurance was $170,000 which $150,000 was paid.
FEMA Verified Loss list the home as having 60% damage. City municipal code required the home to be reconstructed which also required the home to be elevated because it was located in a Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) and was documented below base flood elevation.
Soon the costs to reconstruct the home reached over $300,000 with all the required federal, state and local requirements. The servicer of the mortgage was aware of the requirements and of the value toward the mortgage. It was clear the homeowner would not have enough funds to reconstruct the home the same sizes as the original home so the servicer of the mortgage then applied all deposited NFIP Flood insurance proceeds to the payment of the mortgage debt.
The mortgage servicer was to release the insurance money as needed to make repairs. Once the repair costs increased past the amount of total insurance payout the mortgage then became an At Risk mortgage and paid by the servicer.
To define this as a Forced Mortgage Payoff would be easy if every state government agency working with HUD Grants were to read servicer and mortgage owner policies.
FEMA Notice 2011: "The applicant would need to submit a letter from either the lender or insurer advising that the payoff was required and not optional. "
State Grantees Notice: "FEMA National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Insurance. Exception: Insurance proceeds taken by a mortgage company as a forced mortgage payoff will not be counted as a duplication of benefits as long as documentation from the mortgage company evidences the payoff was involuntary. The applicant will need to provide a letter from the lender on company letterhead stating that the mortgage payment was force paid or involuntarily paid directly from the insurance company to the lender. "
2017: The Disaster Relief Options for FHA Homeowners page on HUD's website states: &;ldquoYour lender may enter into a forbearance plan, or execute a loan modification or a partial claim, if these actions will help retain and pay for your home."
3.3.4 Insurance
"For borrowers who have hazard or flood insurance, the rules regarding the disbursement of proceeds may be found in the HUD Handbook, which states that the servicer must "ensure that hazard or flood insurance claims are filed and settled as expeditiously as possible." (170) A servicer is required to release promptly to the borrower all proceeds received for coverage of a borrower's personal property, temporary housing, and other transition expenses. A "Viable Repair Plan" is a plan for repairs of a mortgaged Property within the amounts available through insurance proceeds and borrower funds. After approving a Viable Repair Plan, a servicer must expedite the release of insurance proceeds for required home repairs. The servicer may apply insurance proceeds payable for home damages to arrearages and or reduction of the unpaid principal balance if the amount of the proceeds exceeds the costs to repair the damage to the home or if the proceeds are insufficient to repair the damage based on a certified repair estimate and the borrower is unable to show that s/he has additional funds from other sources to complete the repairs."
Mortgage Processes
Copyright 2018. National Consumer Law Center.
Many servicers have similar rules on the distribution of insurance proceeds after a natural disaster.
HUD Handbook 4000.1: III. SERVICING AND LOSS MITIGATION
A. Title II Insured Housing Programs Forward Mortgages
3. Programs and Products - Presidentially-Declared Major Disaster Areas
iii. Monitoring of Repairs to Substantially Damaged Homes
(A) Definition
A building is considered to be "Substantially Damaged," as defined in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) regulations, when "damage of any origin is sustained by a structure whereby the cost of restoring the structure to its before damaged condition would equal or exceed 50 percent of the market value of the structure before the damage occurred."
(B) Standard
The Mortgagee must take appropriate actions to ensure that repairs to Substantially Damaged Properties comply with the federal building elevation standards, including those established by FEMA. The Mortgagee must ensure compliance with any higher applicable building elevation standard adopted by the state or local government.
Reference: HUD Handbook 4000.1 2016
FEMA National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Insurance
Private insurance
Research Notes, Other documents
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